<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;">Dear all,<div><br></div><div>Please find below the contribution sent by the Igov2 project - a research team hosted at the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law - to the NETmundial meeting.</div><div><br></div><div>
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal">All the best,</p><div><br></div></div><div>Francis Augusto Medeiros</div><div><br></div><div>
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">I. Introduction
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US">This submission is made by members of the Igov2 project at the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and
Law (NRCCL).<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Its intention is to contribute to the NETmundial
meeting in S�o Paulo, Brazil. The thrust of the submission is to support the
IGP proposal.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In addition, it highlights the following discussion points:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold">�<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Jurisdictional issues<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold">�<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Maturity and credibility of
the DNSA<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold">�<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Remit of the DNSA<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold">�<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Control by governmental or
intergovernmental organizations<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">II. Jurisdictional issues <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">The IGP proposal does not address or suggest a
potential location for the legal entity (�DNSA�) that will, under the proposal,
assume responsibility for the technical administration of the root and other
IANA functions. The Igov2 project believes that the DNSA initiative by the IGP
presents a good opportunity to complete the globalization of the governance of
Internet identifiers by establishing the DNSA in a location outside of the U.S.
However, by choosing a jurisdiction outside of the U.S., the DNSA will inevitably
face compliance challenges arising from that jurisdiction</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. Some of these
challenges may differ from those that would pertain in the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">There are clear advantages in transferring the
IANA functions to an organization located in a country such as Switzerland, which
has laws that offer many benefits for international organizations, including
certain levels </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">of institutional immunity. Choosing Switzerland, located in Europe
but not a member of the EU, may also be more satisfactory to the U.S.
government. The same would pertain to Norway as a potential DNSA location. Locating
the DNSA in such a country would also represent an important milestone in addressing
the unrest surrounding the U.S.-centric administration of the DNS.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">III. Maturity
and Credibility of the DNSA</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">One reason for
the U.S. government�s intention to relinquish oversight of IANA is that �ICANN
as an organization has matured and taken steps in recent years to improve its
accountability and transparency and its technical competence�<i> </i>(NTIA, 2014)<i>.</i> Although the idea of separating the technical function from the
policy decisions in the IGP proposal is commendable, establishing a new and
independent organization, which is untested, and entrusting it with an
important function potentially contradicts one of NTIA�s primary reasons for
transferring the function. Work must go into establishing an appropriate
mechanism so that the DNSA can borrow from ICANN�s experience in running IANA. The
mechanism may well be contractual.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">IV. Remit of the DNSA <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US">It must be clear in which circumstances the DNSA would have discretion
in performing the IANA functions and where the division between technical and
policy functions precisely lies. Certain technical decisions may also have
results that affect policy, or are political by their nature. It is important
to note that while IGP�s proposal offers some forms of accountability or
redress (primarily, the use of competition law to prevent certain market abuses),
there could be other issues that might not necessarily consist of
anti-competitive behavior, but nevertheless would affect other values that are
the core of what is desired in Internet governance, such as respect for human
rights. Although the model suggested by IGP in which the DNSA consists of TLD
registries is a good starting point, consideration ought to be given to
including other actors. We are seeing a dramatic increase of new registries as
a result of the gTLD expansion. This might lead to an overrepresentation of �Western�
actors in the DNSA. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">V. Control by
governmental or intergovernmental organizations <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US">The NTIA statement unequivocally rejects the replacement of the NTIA
role by government-led or inter-governmental organization (NTIA, 2014). The DNSA
consortium as proposed by the IGP includes ccTLD operators. At present, the
root zone database shows that more than 25% of the ccTLDs are operated by
governments or by private entities with the appropriate national government�s
acquiescence. This at least implies that the DNSA proposal would bring some
government element into the governance of the domain name system, which may be
at odds with the thrust of the NTIA�s statement. The Igov2 project maintains that
there should be some external participation in the DNSA as well. This would
come not just from government agencies, but also from technical bodies and
civil society generally. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">VI. Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US">The Igov2 project welcomes further discussions with the goal of establishing
an organization outside of the U.S. to manage the IANA function. There is now a
unique opportunity to advance a transfer that is in the global interest. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US"> </span></p>
<div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all">
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Full title: �Governance of the Domain Name System and the
Future Internet <b>(</b>Igov2)�. See further </span><span lang="NO-BOK"><a href="http://www.jus.uio.no/ifp/english/research/projects/nrccl/internet-governance/index.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">http://www.jus.uio.no/ifp/english/research/projects/nrccl/internet-governance/index.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">. This submission reflects
the views of the core Igov2 project team at the NRCCL. The submission does not
necessarily reflect the views of the organisations funding Igov2, nor the views
of other collaborators on the project.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Internet
Governance Project (IGP), �A roadmap for globalizing IANA,� available at </span><span lang="NO-BOK"><a href="http://www.internetgovernance.org/2014/03/03/a-roadmap-for-globalizing-iana/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">http://www.internetgovernance.org/2014/03/03/a-roadmap-for-globalizing-iana/</span></a></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<!--EndFragment--></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br><div apple-content-edited="true">
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